论文标题
过去假设的新困难
New Difficulties for the Past Hypothesis
论文作者
论文摘要
尽管已知的基本定律明显时间对称，但已知许多宏观的物理过程都以时间为定向的方式发生。一个流行的解释是假设早期宇宙的难以想象的非典型状态 - “过去的假设”（pH） - 播种了其他所有其他人都遵循的时间 - 对称性。我会争辩说，这样的pH会面临严重的新困难。首先，我通过提供系统的分析框架来评估pH的状态，从而加强现有批评的理由。我概述了三类批评类别，质疑该提案的基本要求列表。最终的分析描绘了一个严峻的画面，以提供明显pH的足够配方的前景。然后，我提供了一个新的论点，该论点是通过证明任何与时间无关的衡量标准在宇宙模型空间上必须打破其量规对称性之一，从而实质上扩展了这种批评。 pH当时面临新的困境：拒绝宇宙的量规对称性，并引入了区别而没有差异或拒绝措施的时间独立性并失去解释性力量。
Many macroscopic physical processes are known to occur in a time-directed way despite the apparent time-symmetry of the known fundamental laws. A popular explanation is to postulate an unimaginably atypical state for the early universe -- a "Past Hypothesis" (PH) -- that seeds the time-asymmetry from which all others follow. I will argue that such a PH faces serious new difficulties. First I strengthen the grounds for existing criticism by providing a systematic analytic framework for assessing the status of the PH. I outline three broad categories of criticism that put into question a list of essential requirements of the proposal. The resulting analysis paints a grim picture for the prospects of providing an adequate formulation for an explicit PH. I then provide a new argument that substantively extends this criticism by showing that any time-independent measure on the space of models of the universe must necessarily break one of its gauge symmetries. The PH then faces a new dilemma: reject a gauge symmetry of the universe and introduce a distinction without difference or reject the time-independence of the measure and lose explanatory power.
