论文标题
事件的量子形式主义，以及如何从其基础中出现时间
A quantum formalism for events and how time can emerge from its foundations
论文作者
论文摘要
尽管时间是我们最直观的物理概念之一，但它在基本层面上的理解仍然是物理学的一个悬而未决的问题。例如，量子力学和一般相对论的时间是两个不同且不兼容的实体。虽然相对论涉及事件（时空中的点），而时间依赖观察者的依赖和动态性，量子力学通过将时间视为独立参数来描述物理系统。为了解决这一冲突，在这项工作中，我们通过将事件定义为物理系统之间的信息传输，将事件的经典概念扩展到量子域。然后，通过从某个观察者的角度描述宇宙，我们引入了具有时空对称波函数的事件量子状态，以预测$（t，{\ vec x}）$的测量值（观察）（观察）的关节概率分布。在这种情况下，我们建议像任何其他可观察到的时间一样明确定义的时间源于单个事件，因此是观察者依赖的特性。结果，从观察者的角度来看，沿固定量子状态内的特定事件序列的反事实不对称会导致时间流，因为是连续的“快照”。在此提案中，观察者存储信息的许多可区分状态使时间可能存在。
Although time is one of our most intuitive physical concepts, its understanding at the fundamental level is still an open question in physics. For instance, time in quantum mechanics and general relativity are two distinct and incompatible entities. While relativity deals with events (points in spacetime), with time being observer-dependent and dynamical, quantum mechanics describes physical systems by treating time as an independent parameter. To resolve this conflict, in this work, we extend the classical concept of an event to the quantum domain by defining an event as a transfer of information between physical systems. Then, by describing the universe from the perspective of a certain observer, we introduce quantum states of events with space-time-symmetric wave functions that predict the joint probability distribution of a measurement (observation) at $ (t, {\vec x}) $. Under these circumstances, we propose that a well-defined instant of time, like any other observable, arises from a single event, thus being an observer-dependent property. As a result, a counterfactual asymmetry along a particular sequence of events within a stationary quantum state gives rise to the flow of time as being successive "snapshots" from the observer's perspective. In this proposal, it is the many distinguishable states in which the observer stores information that makes the existence of time possible.
