论文标题

推断量子退火期间状态进化的动力学

Inferring the Dynamics of the State Evolution During Quantum Annealing

论文作者

Pelofske, Elijah, Hahn, Georg, Djidjev, Hristo

论文摘要

为了使用商业量子退火器解决优化问题,必须代表感兴趣的问题作为ISING或二次不受约束的二进制优化(QUBO)问题,并将其系数提交给退火器,然后将其返回用户指定数量的低功耗解决方案。知道在退火过程中量子处理器中发生什么会很有用,以便可以设计更好的算法或建议对硬件进行改进。但是,现有的量子退火器无法直接从处理器中提取此类信息。因此,在这项工作中,我们建议使用D-Wave 2000Q的高级功能间接推断有关退火过程中状态进化的动态的信息。具体而言,D-WAVE 2000Q允许用户自定义退火时间表,即从开始到退火的结尾更改退火分数的时间表。使用此功能,我们设计了一组修改后的退火时间表,其输出可用于在标准退火期间以用户定义的时间点生成有关系统状态的信息。通过此过程称为“切片”,随着退火时间的发展,我们获得了最低能量退火溶液的近似分布。我们使用我们的技术来获取对退火器的各种见解,例如退火期间的状态进化,当单个在退火过程中及其稳定时的溶液中的单个位翻转时,我们引入了一种技术来估计系统的冷冻点以及单个Qubit的冻结点。

To solve an optimization problem using a commercial quantum annealer, one has to represent the problem of interest as an Ising or a quadratic unconstrained binary optimization (QUBO) problem and submit its coefficients to the annealer, which then returns a user-specified number of low-energy solutions. It would be useful to know what happens in the quantum processor during the anneal process so that one could design better algorithms or suggest improvements to the hardware. However, existing quantum annealers are not able to directly extract such information from the processor. Hence, in this work we propose to use advanced features of D-Wave 2000Q to indirectly infer information about the dynamics of the state evolution during the anneal process. Specifically, D-Wave 2000Q allows the user to customize the anneal schedule, that is, the schedule with which the anneal fraction is changed from the start to the end of the anneal. Using this feature, we design a set of modified anneal schedules whose outputs can be used to generate information about the states of the system at user-defined time points during a standard anneal. With this process, called "slicing", we obtain approximate distributions of lowest-energy anneal solutions as the anneal time evolves. We use our technique to obtain a variety of insights into the annealer, such as the state evolution during annealing, when individual bits in an evolving solution flip during the anneal process and when they stabilize, and we introduce a technique to estimate the freeze-out point of both the system as well as of individual qubits.

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