论文标题

打破单向入侵危害了空间五月系统中的生物多样性

Breaking unidirectional invasions jeopardizes biodiversity in spatial May-Leonard systems

论文作者

Bazeia, D., de Oliveira, B. F., Silva, J. V. O., Szolnoki, A.

论文摘要

非传递性优势和由三个或更多竞争物种的产生的循环环提供了一种基本机制来解释生物学和生态系统中的生物多样性。 Lotka-Volterra和May-Leonard类型模型方法都一致认为,在此环路内的入侵率异质性不会危害竞争物种的共存。虽然物种的丰富性变得异质,但侵袭能力最小的物种受到不平等入侵而受益最大的物种。然而,捕食者和猎物相互作用的有效侵袭率也可以通过打破优势方向并允许以较小的概率逆转入侵来改变。尽管这种变化对Lotka-Volterra模型框架内的行为没有特殊的影响,但May-Leonard Systems的反应却高度不同。在后一种情况下,不仅上述“最弱”效应的“生存”消失了,而且如果反向入侵超过阈值,则无法保持回路的共存。有趣的是,对统一状态的灭绝的特征是非单调概率函数。尽管反向侵袭的存在并不能完全降低原始捕食者物种的进化优势,但是这种有效的入侵率有助于相关的猎物为它们之间的最终战斗收集更大的初始面积。这些过程的竞争决定了系统终止的可能性。

Non-transitive dominance and the resulting cyclic loop of three or more competing species provide a fundamental mechanism to explain biodiversity in biological and ecological systems. Both Lotka-Volterra and May-Leonard type model approaches agree that heterogeneity of invasion rates within this loop does not hazard the coexistence of competing species. While the resulting abundances of species become heterogeneous, the species who has the smallest invasion power benefits the most from unequal invasions. Nevertheless, the effective invasion rate in a predator and prey interaction can also be modified by breaking the direction of dominance and allowing reversed invasion with a smaller probability. While this alteration has no particular consequence on the behavior within the framework of Lotka-Volterra models, the reactions of May-Leonard systems are highly different. In the latter case, not just the mentioned "survival of the weakest" effect vanishes, but also the coexistence of the loop cannot be maintained if the reversed invasion exceeds a threshold value. Interestingly, the extinction to a uniform state is characterized by a non-monotonous probability function. While the presence of reversed invasion does not fully diminish the evolutionary advantage of the original predator species, but this weakened effective invasion rate helps the related prey species to collect larger initial area for the final battle between them. The competition of these processes determines the likelihood in which uniform state the system terminates.

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