论文标题

评估地球,火星和冰冷月亮的脆性厚度厚度的脆性厚度

Assessing the brittle crust thickness from strike-slip fault segments on Earth, Mars and Icy Moons

论文作者

Donze, Frederic-Victor, Klinger, Yann, Bonilla-Sierra, Viviana, Duriez, Jerome, Jiao, Liqing, Scholtes, Luc

论文摘要

沿主要滑移断层的段长度表现出与脆性外壳厚度有关的尺寸依赖性。这些片段导致形成局部的“ p剪切”变形,并连接了在断层区域的创世纪阶段形成的初始RIEDELS结构(即Echelon断层结构)。机械模型表明,在所有尺度上,Riedels的几何特性都表现出对脆性层厚度的依赖性。将机械离散元素模型的结果与使用沙,粘土和石膏的几个模拟实验相结合,我们已经制定了Riedels的方向和间距与脆性层的厚度之间的关系。从这种关系中,我们得出的是,对于纯滑滑模式,Riedels之间的最大间距接近厚度的三倍。对于横向模式,随着广泛的成分变得占主导地位,表面的间隔距离变得远小于厚度。将这种关系应用于地球上的几个特征良好的滑移断层,我们表明预测的脆性厚度与地震源性深度一致。假设这种现象的无处不在,我们将这种关系与塔尔西斯(Tharsis)西部的梅诺尼亚地区的火星上观察到的en-echelon结构相关。假设Ganymede,Ecceladus和Europa的外冰壳表现出脆弱的行为,我们建议相应的明显脆性厚度的值。

Segment lengths along major strike-slip faults exhibit a size dependency related to the brittle crust thickness. These segments result in the formation of the localized 'P-shear' deformation crossing and connecting the initial Riedels structures (i.e. en-echelon fault structures) which formed during the genesis stage of the fault zone. Mechanical models show that at all scales, the geometrical characteristics of the Riedels exhibit dependency on the thickness of the brittle layer. Combining the results of our mechanical discrete element model with several analogue experiments using sand, clay and gypsum, we have formulated a relationship between the orientation and spacing of Riedels and the thickness of the brittle layer. From this relationship, we derive that for a pure strike-slip mode, the maximum spacing between the Riedels are close to three times the thickness. For a transtensional mode, as the extensive component becomes predominant, the spacing distance at the surface become much smaller than the thickness. Applying this relationship to several well-characterized strike-slip faults on Earth, we show that the predicted brittle thickness is consistent with the seismogenic depth. Supposing the ubiquity of this phenomenon, we extent this relationship to characterize en-echelon structures observed on Mars, in the Memnonia region located West of Tharsis. Assuming that the outer ice shells of Ganymede, Enceladus and Europa, exhibit a brittle behavior, we suggest values of the corresponding apparent brittle thicknesses.

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