论文标题
通过多频引力波揭示早期黑洞的生长
Unveiling early black hole growth with multi-frequency gravitational wave observations
论文作者
论文摘要
第三代基于地面的引力波干涉仪,例如爱因斯坦望远镜(ET),宇宙探索器(CE)和激光干涉仪空间天线(LISA),将在广泛的质谱和所有宇宙层中检测到二进制黑洞。我们使用半分析模型在$ z = 6.4 $,2和$ 0.2 $的形成中,跟踪最早的浅色和重种子的宇宙生长,这些模型迅速转移到超质量域中,其中我们遵循由三重交互所驱动的Black Hole Coalescences。我们发现,ET可访问几个$ 10^2 $ m $ _ $ _ \ odot $的淡种子二进制文件,其信噪比($ s/n $)为$ 10-20 $ $ 6 <z <z <15 $。然后,他们以较大的$ s/n $进入丽莎域,因为他们种植了$ 10^4 $ m $ _ \ odot $。检测其重力信号将提供首次证据表明,在银河合并期间,浅种子形成并动态配对。相似质量和红移的黑洞的电磁发射也太微弱,即使对于最深的未来设施也无法检测到。 ET将是我们发现在Cosmicdawn形成的轻种子的唯一机会。价格为$ 2 <z <8 $,我们预测,长期增长的少量生物种子对“饥饿的二进制”人群将成为ET带宽($ s/n> 20 $)的大声来源。涉及重种子($ \ sim 10^5 m_ \ odot -10^6 m_ \ odot $)的合并将达到Lisa频域中的最高$ z = 20 $。 Lower-Z模型预测每年总体上每年$ 11.25(18.7)$ ET(LISA)事件。
Third Generation ground based Gravitational Wave Interferometers, like the Einstein Telescope (ET), Cosmic Explorer (CE), and the Laser Interferometer Space Antenna (LISA) will detectcoalescing binary black holes over a wide mass spectrum and across all cosmic epochs. We track the cosmological growth of the earliest light and heavy seeds that swiftly transit into the supermassive domain using a semi analytical model for the formation of quasars at $z=6.4$, 2 and $0.2$, in which we follow black hole coalescences driven by triple interactions. We find that light seed binaries of several $10^2$ M$_\odot$ are accessible to ET with a signal-to-noise ratio ($S/N$) of $10-20$ at $6<z<15$. They then enter the LISA domain with larger $S/N$ as they grow toa few $10^4$ M$_\odot$. Detecting their gravitational signal would provide first time evidence that light seeds form, grow and dynamically pair during galaxy mergers. The electromagnetic emission of accreting black holes of similar mass and redshift is too faint to be detected even for the deepest future facilities. ET will be our only chance to discover light seeds forming at cosmicdawn. At $2<z<8$, we predict a population of "starved binaries", long-lived marginally-growing light seed pairs, to be loud sources in the ET bandwidth ($S/N>20$). Mergers involving heavy seeds ($\sim 10^5 M_\odot - 10^6 M_\odot$) would be within reach up to $z=20$ in the LISA frequency domain. The lower-z model predicts $11.25(18.7)$ ET(LISA) events per year, overall.