论文标题

使用显着图改善ECG分类可解释性

Improving ECG Classification Interpretability using Saliency Maps

论文作者

Jones, Yola, Deligianni, Fani, Dalton, Jeff

论文摘要

心血管疾病是全球范围内的大型医疗问题;症状通常突然出现,警告最少。心电图(ECG)是一种通过测量通过放置在皮肤上的电极记录的电活动来评估心脏健康的快速,简单和可靠的方法。心电图通常需要由心脏病专家分析,花时间可以花在改善患者护理和结果上。因此,已经提出了使用机器学习的自动ECG分类系统,该系统可以学习ECG功能之间的复杂相互作用,并使用它来检测异常。但是,为此目的而构建的算法通常无法很好地概括到看不见的数据,从而报告了最初令人印象深刻的结果,这些结果在应用于新环境时会急剧下降。此外,机器学习算法遇到了一个“黑箱”问题,在这种问题中很难确定如何做出决定。这对于医疗保健的应用至关重要,因为临床医生需要能够验证评估过程以信任算法。本文提出了一种使用MIT-BIH心律不齐数据集中每个类别的模型决策的方法,使用整个类别的适应性显着性图来确定正在学习哪些模式。我们通过基于最先进的模型构建两种算法来做到这一点。本文强调了这些地图如何用于在模型中找到可能影响通用性和模型性能的问题。比较完整类别的显着性图给出了模型中混杂变量或其他偏见的总体印象,这与以ECG划分为基础比较显着图时会突出显示。

Cardiovascular disease is a large worldwide healthcare issue; symptoms often present suddenly with minimal warning. The electrocardiogram (ECG) is a fast, simple and reliable method of evaluating the health of the heart, by measuring electrical activity recorded through electrodes placed on the skin. ECGs often need to be analyzed by a cardiologist, taking time which could be spent on improving patient care and outcomes. Because of this, automatic ECG classification systems using machine learning have been proposed, which can learn complex interactions between ECG features and use this to detect abnormalities. However, algorithms built for this purpose often fail to generalize well to unseen data, reporting initially impressive results which drop dramatically when applied to new environments. Additionally, machine learning algorithms suffer a "black-box" issue, in which it is difficult to determine how a decision has been made. This is vital for applications in healthcare, as clinicians need to be able to verify the process of evaluation in order to trust the algorithm. This paper proposes a method for visualizing model decisions across each class in the MIT-BIH arrhythmia dataset, using adapted saliency maps averaged across complete classes to determine what patterns are being learned. We do this by building two algorithms based on state-of-the-art models. This paper highlights how these maps can be used to find problems in the model which could be affecting generalizability and model performance. Comparing saliency maps across complete classes gives an overall impression of confounding variables or other biases in the model, unlike what would be highlighted when comparing saliency maps on an ECG-by-ECG basis.

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