论文标题
耶稣会教堂在玻利维亚东部的奇基托斯任务中的方向
The orientation of Jesuit churches in the Chiquitos missions of eastern Bolivia
论文作者
论文摘要
南美的耶稣会任务是整个非洲大陆基督教传福音的重要而独特的进步他们的教堂。这里发表的论文是对玻利维亚东部奇基托斯耶稣会任务的首次考古学研究，是企图继续并补充该地区先前的考古学研究。采用的方法涉及对目前在该地区存在的耶稣会教堂的分析，即，目前站立的八个教堂的方向的现场测量以及第九教堂的废墟，其中只有一个独立式的钟楼和侧壁的一部分仍然保存。我们无法参观的第十教堂的定向测量是通过使用卫星地图来确定的。然后对这些教堂的景观进行了详细的研究，此外，对教堂所在的村庄的特征进行了详细的文化和历史研究。我们的结果表明，与帕拉夸里亚省的教堂不同，在南北方向的子午线取向脱颖而出，一半的研究教堂显示了潜在的规范取向，似乎与太阳现象保持一致，三个表现出精确的等于等于等于。我们提出了这些取向的原因，包括照明对教堂内重要内部因素的可能相关性 - 巴洛克教会建筑中通常寻求的影响。
The Jesuit missions in South America were an important and unique advance in Christian evangelisation on the continent until the expulsion of the Order in 1767. Although the history and cultural aspects of these missions and their most iconic buildings have been extensively studied, the archaeoastronomy of the Guaraní peoples of the Province of Paraquaria (Province of Paraguay) has only been recently considered, with the existing studies focusing primarily on the orientation of their churches. The paper presented here, which is the first archaeoastronomical study of the Jesuit missions of Chiquitos in eastern Bolivia, is an attempt to continue and complement the previous archaeoastronomical studies of the region. The methodologies employed involved the analysis of the Jesuit churches that currently exist in this region, namely, the on-site measurements of the orientations of eight churches currently standing and the ruins of a ninth church of which only a free-standing bell tower and parts of the side walls remain preserved. The orientation measurements of a tenth church, which we were unable to visit, were determined via the use of satellite maps. The landscape surrounding these churches was then examined in detail and furthermore, a detailed cultural and historical study of the characteristics of the villages where the churches are located was carried out. Our results show that, unlike the churches of the Province of Paraquaria where meridian orientations in the north-south direction stand out, half of the studied churches have shown potential canonical orientations that seem to be aligned to solar phenomena, with three exhibiting precise equinoctial orientation. We propose reasons for these orientations, including the possible relevance of illumination effects on significant internal elements within the churches - effects that were generally sought in Baroque church architecture.
