学术文献库

Clinical screening with low-quality fundus images is challenging and significantly leads to misdiagnosis. This paper addresses the issue of improving the retinal image quality and vessel segmentation through retinal image restoration. More specifically, a cycle-consistent generative adversarial network (CycleGAN) with a convolution block attention module (CBAM) is used for retinal image restoration. A modified UNet is used for retinal vessel segmentation for the restored retinal images (CBAM-UNet). The proposed model consists of two generators and two discriminators. Generators translate images from one domain to another, i.e., from low to high quality and vice versa. Discriminators classify generated and original images. The retinal vessel segmentation model uses downsampling, bottlenecking, and upsampling layers to generate segmented images. The CBAM has been used to enhance the feature extraction of these models. The proposed method does not require paired image datasets, which are challenging to produce. Instead, it uses unpaired data that consists of low- and high-quality fundus images retrieved from publicly available datasets. The restoration performance of the proposed method was evaluated using full-reference evaluation metrics, e.g., peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) and structural similarity index measure (SSIM). The retinal vessel segmentation performance was compared with the ground-truth fundus images. The proposed method can significantly reduce the degradation effects caused by out-of-focus blurring, color distortion, low, high, and uneven illumination. Experimental results show the effectiveness of the proposed method for retinal image restoration and vessel segmentation.