论文标题

在线图游戏的复杂性

The Complexity of Online Graph Games

论文作者

Fuchs, Janosch, Grüne, Christoph, Janßen, Tom

论文摘要

在线计算是一个概念,可以对不确定性进行建模,而不是事先知道有关问题实例的所有信息。在线算法会收到请求,这些请求揭示了实例分段,并且必须根据不可撤销的决定做出响应。通常,假定对手知道算法的确定性行为的实例。因此,对手能够为任何在线算法定制输入。从游戏理论的角度来看,对手和在线算法是不对称的两人游戏中的玩家。为了克服这种不对称性,在线算法配备了该图的同构副本,该算法称为未标记的地图。通过在在线图问题上应用游戏理论观点,解决方案是顶点的子集,我们分析了这些在线顶点子集游戏的复杂性。为此,我们引入了一个框架,用于从TQBF减少在线顶点子集游戏。该框架基于从3个可满足性到相应的离线问题的小工具减少。我们进一步确定了一组扩展3个可满足性降低的规则,并为其他小工具提供了计划,以确保这些规则可以满足这些规则。通过使用这些其他小工具扩展顶点子集问题的小工具,我们可以减少相应的在线顶点子集游戏。最后,我们根据顶点封面,独立集和主导集为在线顶点子集游戏提供示例减少,并证明它们是PSPACE-COMPLETE。因此,本文确定了带有NP完整顶点子集的地图的在线版本形成了一类PSPACE-完整问题。

Online computation is a concept to model uncertainty where not all information on a problem instance is known in advance. An online algorithm receives requests which reveal the instance piecewise and has to respond with irrevocable decisions. Often, an adversary is assumed that constructs the instance knowing the deterministic behavior of the algorithm. Thus, the adversary is able to tailor the input to any online algorithm. From a game theoretical point of view, the adversary and the online algorithm are players in an asymmetric two-player game. To overcome this asymmetry, the online algorithm is equipped with an isomorphic copy of the graph, which is referred to as unlabeled map. By applying the game theoretical perspective on online graph problems, where the solution is a subset of the vertices, we analyze the complexity of these online vertex subset games. For this, we introduce a framework for reducing online vertex subset games from TQBF. This framework is based on gadget reductions from 3-SATISFIABILITY to the corresponding offline problem. We further identify a set of rules for extending the 3-SATISFIABILITY-reduction and provide schemes for additional gadgets which assure that these rules are fulfilled. By extending the gadget reduction of the vertex subset problem with these additional gadgets, we obtain a reduction for the corresponding online vertex subset game. At last, we provide example reductions for online vertex subset games based on VERTEX COVER, INDEPENDENT SET, and DOMINATING SET, proving that they are PSPACE-complete. Thus, this paper establishes that the online version with a map of NP-complete vertex subset problems form a large class of PSPACE-complete problems.

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