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Due to the issue that existing wireless sensor network (WSN)-based anomaly detection methods only consider and analyze temporal features, in this paper, a self-supervised learning-based anomaly node detection method based on an autoencoder is designed. This method integrates temporal WSN data flow feature extraction, spatial position feature extraction and intermodal WSN correlation feature extraction into the design of the autoencoder to make full use of the spatial and temporal information of the WSN for anomaly detection. First, a fully connected network is used to extract the temporal features of nodes by considering a single mode from a local spatial perspective. Second, a graph neural network (GNN) is used to introduce the WSN topology from a global spatial perspective for anomaly detection and extract the spatial and temporal features of the data flows of nodes and their neighbors by considering a single mode. Then, the adaptive fusion method involving weighted summation is used to extract the relevant features between different models. In addition, this paper introduces a gated recurrent unit (GRU) to solve the long-term dependence problem of the time dimension. Eventually, the reconstructed output of the decoder and the hidden layer representation of the autoencoder are fed into a fully connected network to calculate the anomaly probability of the current system. Since the spatial feature extraction operation is advanced, the designed method can be applied to the task of large-scale network anomaly detection by adding a clustering operation. Experiments show that the designed method outperforms the baselines, and the F1 score reaches 90.6%, which is 5.2% higher than those of the existing anomaly detection methods based on unsupervised reconstruction and prediction. Code and model are available at https://github.com/GuetYe/anomaly_detection/GLSL