IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON TRANSPORTA TION ELECTRIFICA TION, VOL. 1, NO. 3, OCTOBER 2015 245 Comparative Study of Interior Permanent Magnet, Induction, and Switched Reluctance Motor Drives for EV and HEV Applications Zhi Yang, Fei Shang, Student Member , IEEE ,I a nP .B r o w n , Member , IEEE , and Mahesh Krishnamurthy, Senior Member , IEEE Abstract— With rapid electrification of transportation, it is becoming increasingly important to have a comprehensive under-standing of criteria used in motor selection. This paper presentsthe design and comparative evaluation for an interior permanentmagnet synchronous motor (IPMSM) with distributed windingand concentrated winding, induction motor (IM), and switchedreluctance motor (SRM) for an electric vehicle (EV) or hybridelectric vehicle (HEV) application. A fast finite element analysis(FEA) modeling approach is addressed for IM design. To accountfor highly nonlinear motor parameters and achieve high motor efficiency, optimal current trajectories are obtained by extensive mapping for IPMSMs and IM. Optimal turn- ON and turn- OFF angles with current chopping control and angular position con-trol are found for SRM. Additional comparison including noisevibration and harshness (NVH) is also highlighted. Simulation andanalytical results show that each motor topology demonstrates itsown unique characteristic for EVs/HEVs. Each motor’s highestefficiency region is located at different torque-speed regions forthe criteria defined. Stator geometry, pole/slot combination, andcontrol strategy differentiate NVH performance. Index T erms— Comparative study, electric vehicle (EV) and hybrid electric vehicle (HEV), induction motor (IM), noise vibra-tion and harshness (NVH), permanent magnet motor, switchedreluctance motor (SRM). I. I NTRODUCTION DUE TO increased fuel efficiency and lower cost/mile fea- ture, electric vehicles (EV) and hybrid electric vehicles (HEV) have received increasing attention. To meet this demand,EV and HEV motors, which form the core energy conversion components, should not only satisfy specific requirements in performance and efficiency but also vibration, cost, etc. [1]–[4]. Permanent magnet synchronous motors (PMSM) have dom- inated the traction motor market for EV/HEV application recently. They can be designed to operate over wide torque-speed range with superior torque density and power density. The limitations of this topology are cost and availability of Manuscript received January 30, 2015; revised July 30, 2015; accepted August 02, 2015. Date of publication August 19, 2015; date of current version October 15, 2015. This work was supported by the U.S. National Science Foundation under Grant 1140772. Z. Yang is with GE Healthcare, Florence, SC 29501 USA (e-mail: zyang22@hawk.iit.edu). F. Shang, I. P . Brown, and M. Krishnamurthy are with the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago,IL 60616 USA (e-mail: kmahesh@ece.iit.edu). Color versions of one or more of the figures in this paper are available online at http://ieeexplore.ieee.org. Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/TTE.2015.2470092rare-earth material used in permanent magnet. Other com- monly used motor topologies include induction motor (IM) and switched reluctance motor (SRM). An IM has no magnet and is characterized as robust. The limitation of this topology maylie in the cooling system since heat is generated both in rotor and stator side. SRM does not depend on permanent magnets and is exceptionally robust, making it suitable for harsh envi-ronments and fault-tolerant operation. However, high-acoustic noise and low-power factor have been some of the major chal- lenges. In addition, SRM drives may need customized inverterand a higher number of power cables to enable independent phase winding on the stator. Comparisons have been proposed to indicate the merit of each motor topology for EV and HEV application. Researchers in [5] and [6] have presented efficiency maps of the IM, SR