400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA 15096-0001 U.S.A. Tel: (724) 776-4841 Fax: (724) 776-5760 SAE TECHNICAL PAPER SERIES 2000-01-2548 Off-Highway Noise – Diverging Demands of the Future Miles Pixley JCB Excavators Ltd International Off-Highway & Powerplant Congress & Exposition Milwaukee, Wisconsin September 11-13, 2000Downloaded from SAE International by Big Ten Academic Alliance, Tuesday, July 31, 2018The appearance of this ISSN code at the bottom of this page indicates SAE’s consent that copies of the paper may be made for personal or internal use of specific clients. This consent is given on the condition, however, that the copier pay a $7.00 per article copy fee through the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. Operations Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923 for copying beyond that permitted by Sec- tions 107 or 108 of the U.S. Copyright Law. This consent does not extend to other kinds of copying such as copying for general distribution, for advertising or promotional purposes, for creating new collective works, or for resale. SAE routinely stocks printed papers for a period of three years following date of publication. Direct your orders to SAE Customer Sales and Satisfaction Department. Quantity reprint rates can be obtained from the Customer Sales and Satisfaction Department. To request permission to reprint a technical paper or permission to use copyrighted SAE publications in other works, contact the SAE Publications Group. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form, in an electronic retrieval system or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher. ISSN 0148-7191 Copyright © 2000 Society of Automotive Engineers, Inc. Positions and opinions advanced in this paper are those of the author(s) and not necessarily those of SAE. The author is solely responsible for the content of the paper. A process is available by which discussions will be printed with the paper if it is published in SAE Transactions. For permission to publish this paper in full or in part, contact the SAE Publications Group. Persons wishing to submit papers to be considered for presentation or publication through SAE should send the manuscript or a 300 word abstract of a proposed manuscript to: Secretary, Engineering Meetings Board, SAE. Printed in USAAll SAE papers, standards, and selected books are abstracted and indexed in the Global Mobility DatabaseDownloaded from SAE International by Big Ten Academic Alliance, Tuesday, July 31, 20182000-01-2548 Off-Highway Noise – Diverging Demands of the Future Miles Pixley JCB Excavators Ltd. Copyright © 2000 Society of Automotive Engineers, Inc. ABSTRACT Recent years has seen the development of increased restrictions on allowable noise output from Earthmovingequipment within the European Union, Australia, and Japan. At the same time, other environmental issues such as engine emissions have been the prime focus ofAmerica. With Europe now adopting a similar approach to emissions, earthmoving equipment manufacturers areanticipating the conflict that this brings in terms ofmachine design. This paper reviews the changes in recent years, illustrates the methods adopted so far to reduce noise,and considers what the future may hold in order to meetboth legislative and customer demands. INTRODUCTION Since 1988 earthmoving products such as loaders, excavators, and excavator loaders sold into Europe havebeen required to achieve limits set on the noise theyemit to the environment. Since this time, there have been developments in the methods used to evaluate and limit the emitted noise. STATIC TESTSInitially European Directive 86/662/EEC 1, required the test machine to run at not less than rated engine speed, on a hard reflective plane, in an open area so as not tohave noise reflected off nearby buildings or objects. During the measurement the machine is stationary and running at a steady engine speed, under no load.Measurements taken at six points on a hemispherearound the machine