CYBERSECURITY OUR DIGITAL ANCHOR A EUROPEAN PERSPECTIVE b u m o c . 5 h t i g EUR 30276 EN This publication is a Science for Policy report by the Joint Research Centre (JRC), the European Commission’s science and knowledge service. It aims to provide evidence-based scientific support to the European policymaking process. The scientific output expressed does not imply a policy position of the European Commission. Neither the European Commission nor any person acting on behalf of the Commission is responsible for the use that might be made of this publication. For information on the methodology and quality underlying the data used in this publication for which the source is neither Eurostat nor other Commission services, users should contact the referenced source. The designations employed and the presentation of material on the maps do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the European Union concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Manuscript completed in June 2020 Contact information Igor Nai Fovino European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Ispra - Italy Email: igor.nai-fovino@ec.europa.eu Tel: +39 0332785809 m o c . 5 EU Science Hub https://ec.europa.eu/jrc JRC121051 EUR 30276 EN PDF ISBN 978-92-76-19957-1 Print ISBN 978-92-76-19958-8 ISSN 1831-9424 ISSN 1018-5593 doi:10.2760/352218 doi:10.2760/967437 b u Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union, 2020 ©European Union, 2020 KJ-NA-30276-EN-N KJ-NA-30276-EN-C h t i g The reuse policy of the European Commission is implemented by the Commission Decision 2011/833/EU of 12 December 2011 on the reuse of Commission documents (OJ L 330, 14.12.2011, p. 39). Except otherwise noted, the reuse of this document is authorised under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) licence (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). This means that reuse is allowed provided appropriate credit is given and any changes are indicated. For any use or reproduction of photos or other material that is not owned by the EU, permission must be sought directly from the copyright holders. All content ©European Union, 2020, except: cover: graphic elaboration from ©pickup and ©LuckyStep - stock.adobe.com; p. 8 graphic elaboration from ©liuzishan - stock.adobe.com; p. 11 ©James Thew - stock.adobe.com; p. 12 ©sdecoret - stock.adobe.com; p. 19 ©Siarhei - stock.adobe.com; p. 20 graphic elaboration from ©pickup - stock.adobe.com; p. 23 ©natali_mis - stock.adobe.com; pp. 30 - 31 ©Igor - stock.adobe.com; p. 32 ©ipopba - stock.adobe.com; p. 44 ©adam121 - stock.adobe.com; p. 49 ©daniilvolkov - stock.adobe.com; p. 53 ©markus-spiske - unsplash.com; p. 54 ©Sergey Nivens - stock.adobe.com; p. 62 graphic elaboration from ©Elnur - stock.adobe.com; p. 66 ©pinkeyes - stock.adobe.com; p. 69 ©chakisatelier - stock.adobe.com; p. 70 ©jjbeeme; p. 72 © BillionPhotos.com - stock.adobe.com; p. 77 ©Jacob Lund - stock.adobe.com; p. 79 ©Anchalee - stock.adobe.com; p. 81 graphic elaboration from ©Firn - stock.adobe.com; p. 82 ©Sashkin - stock.adobe.com; p. 84 ©James Thew - stock.adobe.com; p. 89 ©knowhowfootage - stock.adobe.com; p. 93 ©Ocelia_Mg stock.adobe.com; p. 94 ©ipopba - stock.adobe.com; p. 96 ©New Africa - stock.adobe.com; p. 97 ©peshkov - stock.adobe.com; p. 99 ©BillionPhotos.com - stock.adobe.com; p. 101 ©max_776 - stock.adobe.com; p. 102 ©besjunior - stock.adobe.com. How to cite this report: Nai Fovino I., Barry G., Chaudron S., Coisel I., Dewar M., Junklewitz H., Kambourakis G., Kounelis I., Mortara B., Nordvik J.p., Sanchez I. (Eds.), Baldini G., Barrero J., Coisel I., Draper G., Duch-Brown N., Eulaerts O., Geneiatakis D., Joanny G., Kerckhof S., Lewis A., Martin T., Nativi S., Neisse R., Papameletiou D., Ramos J., Reina V., Ruzzante G., Sportiello L., Steri G., Tirendi S., Cybersecurity, our digital anchor, EUR 30276 EN, Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg, 2020, ISBN 978-92-76-19957-1, doi:10.2760/352218, JRC121051. CYBERSECURITY OUR DIGITAL ANCHOR A EUROPEAN PERSPECTIVE h t i g b u m o c . 5 Table of contents 4 TABLE OF CONTENTS Executive summary 7 Introduction 9 1 Cybersecurity: evolution of a multifaceted discipline 13 1.1 40 years of cybersecurity 13 1.2 Cybersecurity today 15 1.3 Can cybersecurity be measured? 18 m o c . 5 2 2.1 2.1.1 2.1.2 2.1.3 2.2 2.