GREEN ECONOMY AND TRADE 1 GREEN ECONOMY & TRADEE-LEARNING COURSE MODULE 1 Copyright © United Nations Institute for Training and Research, 2016, on behalf of PAGE The report is published as part of the Partnership for Action on Green Economy (PAGE) – an initiative by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), the International Labour Organization (ILO), the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), the United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO) and the United Nations Institute forTraining and Research (UNITAR). This publication may be reproduced in whole or in part and in any form for educational or non-profit purposes without special permission from the copyright holder, provided acknowledgement of the source is made. The PAGE Secretariat would appreciate receiving a copy of any publication that uses this publication as a source. No use of this publication may be made for resale or for any other commercial purpose whatsoever without prior permission in writing from the PAGE Secretariat. Course authors Jorge E. Viñuales, University of Cambridge, Harold Samuel Professor of Law and Environmental PolicyDirector, Cambridge Centre for Environment, Energy and Natural Resource Governance (C-EENRG) Contributors Giuliano Montanari, Maya Valcheva, Amrei Horstbrink (UNITAR), Lennart Kuntze, T aylor Clayton, Anja von Moltke (UN Environment), Gregg Cornelius, Bolormaa Tumurchudur-Klok, Olga Strietska-Ilina (ILO). Citation PAGE (2016), Green Economy and Trade E-Learning Course, Module 1 Disclaimer This publication has been produced with the support of PAGE funding partners. The contents of this publication are the sole responsibility of PAGE and can in no way be taken to reflect the views of any Government. The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the PAGE partners concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Moreover, the views expressed do not necessarily represent the decision or the stated policy of the PAGE partners, nor does citing of trade names or commercial processes constitute endorsement. This document was produced with the financial assistance of the European Union. The views expressed herein can in no way be taken to reflect the official opinion of the European Union. Acknowledgements PAGE gratefully acknowledges the support of all its funding partners: European Union, Germany, Finland, Norway, Republic of Korea, Sweden, Switzerland and the United Arab Emirates. Designed by Pilar LagosPhoto credits Unless stated otherwise, the photos used are under a Creative Commons license. Page promotes environmentally sound practices globally and in its own activities. This publication is printed on 100% recycled paper.TABLE OF CONTENTS 1 The evolution of the trade and environment nexus2 Perceived tensions between trade and the transition to an inclusive green economy PAGE 15 1.1 Overview 8 1.3. Environmental governance over time 111.2. Trade and trade governance over time 9 1.4. The transition to an Inclusive Green Economy 142.1. Overview 15 2.2. Green Protectionism 16 2.3. Loss of competitiveness 16 2.4. Conditionality of financing 17 2.5. Exacerbation of inequalities 18PAGE 7 3 Exploring synergies between trade and the transition to an inclusive green econom y4 Trade and environment nexus: a future outlook PAGE 19 3.1 Overview 19 3.3. Increased resource efficiency through trade 21 3.5. Poverty eradication 233.2. Increased access to foreign markets for EGS 20 3.4. Additional opportunities to access finance and technology 224.1. Overview 25 26 Key Learning Points Resources 29 304.2. Emerging trends in the trade and environment nexusPAGE 25ACRONYMS APEC Asia-P acific Economic Cooperation BRIC Brazil, Russia, Ind